Course :9408 ASSIGNMENT No. 1 (solved) AIOU

Course: Compulsory English-II (1424-5411-9408)       

   Semester : Spring, 2024

Level: BA/AD/BS

(Units 1-4)

Q.1 Define Academic Essay. What are its types and three main body parts?

Academic Essay Definition: An academic essay is a formal piece of writing that presents a cohesive argument or perspective on a particular topic. It is characterized by a clear structure, objective tone, and well-supported arguments, and it aims to inform, persuade, or analyze a subject based on research and evidence.

Types of Academic Essays:

1. Descriptive Essay: Describes a person, place, event, or object in detail.
2. Narrative Essay: Tells a story or recounts an event or experience.
3. Expository Essay: Explains a concept, idea, or process in a clear and straightforward manner.
4. Persuasive/Argumentative Essay: Convinces the reader of a particular viewpoint or opinion.
5. Compare and Contrast Essay: Examines the similarities and differences between two or more subjects.
6. Cause and Effect Essay: Analyzes the causes of a particular event or situation and its effects.

Three Main Body Parts of an Academic Essay:

1. Introduction: Introduces the topic, provides background information, and presents the thesis statement.
2. Body: Contains several paragraphs, each presenting a single point that supports the thesis, with evidence and analysis.
3. Conclusion: Summarizes the main points, restates the thesis in light of the evidence presented, and provides a final thought or call to action.

Cause and Effect Essay on “Inflation in Pakistan”:

Introduction: Inflation is a persistent rise in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time. It erodes purchasing power and can significantly impact the economy of a country. Pakistan has faced considerable inflationary pressures in recent years, affecting various aspects of daily life and economic stability.

Body:

Concept of Inflation: Inflation refers to the sustained increase in the overall price level of goods and services in an economy. It is measured by indices such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Producer Price Index (PPI).

Types of Inflation:

1. Demand-Pull Inflation: Occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply.
2. Cost-Push Inflation: Arises from an increase in the cost of production, such as wages and raw materials.
3. Built-In Inflation: Results from the expectation of future inflation, leading to a self-perpetuating cycle of wage and price increases.

Three Major Causes of Inflation in Pakistan:

1. Monetary Policy: Excessive printing of money by the central bank leads to an increase in the money supply, reducing the value of currency.
2. Supply Chain Disruptions: Factors such as natural disasters, political instability, and global supply chain issues can restrict the supply of essential goods, driving up prices.
3. Exchange Rate Fluctuations: Depreciation of the Pakistani rupee increases the cost of imported goods and raw materials, contributing to higher prices.

Three Main Effects of Rising Inflation in Pakistan:

1. Reduced Purchasing Power: As prices rise, the real income of consumers decreases, reducing their ability to purchase goods and services.
2. Increased Cost of Living: Higher prices for essentials such as food, fuel, and healthcare lead to a higher cost of living, disproportionately affecting low-income households.
3. Economic Uncertainty: Persistent inflation creates uncertainty in the economy, deterring investment and savings, and potentially leading to slower economic growth.

Conclusion: Inflation in Pakistan is a multifaceted issue influenced by various factors, including monetary policy, supply chain disruptions, and exchange rate fluctuations. Its effects are far-reaching, impacting purchasing power, the cost of living, and economic stability. Addressing inflation requires comprehensive policy measures to stabilize the economy and protect consumers from its adverse effects.

Q.2 (i) Draw a flow chart based on the process of “planting a tree”.

Flow Chart for Planting a Tree:

1. 1.Select a Tree Species → 2. Choose the Planting Site → 3. Prepare the Soil → 4. Dig a Hole → 5. Place the Tree in the Hole → 6. Fill the Hole with Soil → 7. Water the Tree → 8. Add Mulch Around the Base → 9. Support the Tree with Stakes (if necessary) → 10. Regular Maintenance (watering, pruning, etc.)

Q.2 (ii) Write down steps in following which paper is recycled?

Steps in Recycling Paper:

1. Collection: Paper is collected and taken to the recycling plant.
2. Separation: Paper is separated based on type and quality.
3. Cleaning and Washing: Separated paper is cleaned and washed with soap to remove ink and other contaminants.
4. Breaking Down: Cleaned paper is broken down into a slurry or pulp.
5. Heating: The pulp is exposed to heat to further break it down into cellulose fibers.
6. Screening and De-Inking: The pulp is screened to remove any remaining contaminants and de-inked to remove any leftover ink.
7. Refining and Bleaching: The pulp is refined and bleached to improve its quality.
8. Forming New Paper: The pulp is then formed into new paper products.
9. Drying: The new paper is dried and rolled into sheets.
10. Cutting and Packaging: The dried paper is cut to size and packaged for reuse.

Q.3 What is classification? How to write the classification essay write the just main steps name? Illustrate the different types of diet as a healthy food or drink to survive for the longer in age than any other person who enjoys the Unhealthy diet in his/her life?

Classification Definition: Classification is the process of organizing or arranging items into categories or groups based on shared characteristics or criteria.

Main Steps in Writing a Classification Essay:

1. Select a Topic: Choose a broad subject that can be divided into categories.
2. Define the Categories: Determine the categories or groups that the subject will be divided into.
3. Develop a Thesis Statement: State the purpose and criteria for the classification.
4. Provide Detailed Descriptions: Describe each category in detail, providing examples and explanations.
5. Use Clear Transitions: Use transitional phrases to connect the categories and ensure a smooth flow.
6. Conclude the Essay: Summarize the main points and restate the thesis.

Types of Diet as Healthy Food or Drink:

1. Mediterranean Diet:

• Description: Rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and olive oil; moderate consumption of fish and poultry; limited intake of red meat and sweets.
• Benefits: Reduces the risk of heart disease, improves cognitive function, and promotes longevity.

2. Plant-Based Diet:

• Description: Emphasizes vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains; excludes or minimizes animal products.
• Benefits: Lowers the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.

3. DASH Diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension):

• Description: Focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy; reduces sodium intake.
• Benefits: Helps lower blood pressure, improves heart health, and supports overall well-being.

4. Ketogenic Diet:

• Description: High in fats, moderate in proteins, and very low in carbohydrates; induces ketosis, a metabolic state where the body burns fat for fuel.
• Benefits: Supports weight loss, improves insulin sensitivity, and may have neuroprotective effects.

5. Paleo Diet:

• Description: Based on foods presumed to have been eaten by early humans, including lean meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds; excludes processed foods, grains, and dairy.
• Benefits: Promotes weight loss, improves metabolic health, and reduces inflammation.

Q.4 Complete the following cause and effect sentences:

1. Lack of students’ attention to their studies leads to poor academic performance.
2. The cotton industry in the city consumes a lot of energy which results in increased environmental pollution.
3. My kids go to school on a motorbike in such cold weather which is resulting in frequent colds and flu.
4. Tobacco consumption by our youth is a major cause of lung cancer and respiratory diseases.
5. Since I was up all night with my sick child, I am feeling extremely tired and unproductive today.
6. Because I forgot to set the alarm last night, I woke up late and missed my morning meeting.
7. I need to go to the bank since I have to deposit a check and update my account information.
8. There is a forecast of a heavy storm, so we should secure outdoor furniture and stock up on essentials.
9. When you complete writing your book, you should start the editing process and look for a publisher.
10. Because the cat was frightened, it ran under the bed and refused to come out.

Q.5 Using appropriate transition words, compare and contrast a cell phone and a laptop. How are both similar to each other, and how are they different?

Comparison and Contrast of Cell Phones and Laptops:

Similarities:

1. Portability: Both cell phones and laptops are portable devices that allow users to stay connected and productive on the go.
2. Internet Access: Both devices offer internet access through Wi-Fi or cellular networks, enabling users to browse the web, check emails, and use social media.
3. Multimedia Capabilities: Cell phones and laptops can both play music, videos, and games, making them versatile for entertainment purposes.
4. Communication Tools: Both devices support various communication methods such as voice calls, video calls, and messaging apps.

Differences:

1. Size and Display: While cell phones are smaller and more compact, making them easier to carry in a pocket, laptops have larger screens that provide a better viewing experience for work and multimedia.
2. Processing Power: Laptops typically have more powerful processors and greater RAM, making them better suited for tasks that require higher computational power, such as programming, video editing, and gaming.
3. Input Methods: Cell phones primarily rely on touchscreens for input, whereas laptops offer physical keyboards and often touchpads or mice, which can be more efficient for typing and precision tasks.
4. Battery Life: Cell phones usually have longer battery life due to their smaller size and more efficient use of power, while laptops, though equipped with larger batteries, consume more power and may require more frequent charging.
5. Storage Capacity: Laptops generally offer more extensive storage options, including internal hard drives or SSDs and the ability to connect external storage devices, while cell phones have limited storage that can be expanded with memory cards.

In conclusion, while cell phones and laptops share many similarities in terms of portability, internet access, multimedia capabilities, and communication tools, they differ significantly in size, processing power, input methods, battery life, and storage capacity. Both devices serve unique purposes and are essential in today’s digital age for different types of tasks and user preferences.