Introduction to Basic Electronics

lecture 1-2 (basic electronics )

Introduction to Basic Electronics

Objective:

• Understand the fundamental principles of electronics.
• Familiarize yourself with basic electronic components and their functions.

What is Electronics?

• Electronics deals with the study of electronic devices, circuits, and systems that use active electrical components (such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits) to control the flow of electrons.

Key Components:

1. Resistor (R):
   • Restricts the flow of electric current.
   • Color-coded bands indicate resistance value.
2. Capacitor (C):
   • Stores and releases electrical energy.
   • Classified into electrolytic, ceramic, and other types.
3. Inductor (L):
   • Stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows.
   • Exhibits opposition to changes in current.
4. Diode:
   • Allows current to flow in one direction only.
   • Used in rectifiers and signal demodulation.
5. Transistor:
   • Acts as an amplifier or a switch.
   • Classified into NPN and PNP types.
6. Integrated Circuit (IC):
   • Contains multiple electronic components on a single chip.
   • Examples include microcontrollers and operational amplifiers.

Basic Circuits:

1. Series Circuit:
   • Components connected end-to-end.
   • Same current flows through each component.
2. Parallel Circuit:
   • Components connected across common points.
   • Voltage across each component is the same.
3. Voltage, Current, and Resistance:
   • Ohm’s Law: V=IR
   • Voltage (V) is the potential difference, Current (I) is the flow of electrons, and Resistance (R) restricts the flow.

Power:

• Power (P): P=IV
• Measured in watts (W).
• Indicates the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

Introduction to Breadboarding:

• Breadboards are used for prototyping electronic circuits.
• Rows and columns of interconnected sockets.
• Components are plugged into the board for easy testing and modification.

Conclusion:

• Electronics is a vast field with applications in various domains.
• Understanding basic components and circuits is crucial for advanced electronics.

Understanding Voltage, Current, and Ohm’s Law

Objective:

• Explore the concepts of voltage, current, and resistance in more detail.
• Understand Ohm’s Law and its applications.

Recap:

In our previous lecture, we introduced fundamental electronic components and basic circuit configurations. Today, we’ll focus on the essential concepts of voltage, current, and resistance.

Voltage (V):

• Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points in a circuit.
• Measured in volts (V).
• Provides the force that drives the flow of electric current.

Current (I):

• Current is the flow of electric charge in a circuit.
• Measured in amperes (A).
• Electrons flow from the negative (-) to the positive (+) terminal.

Ohm’s Law:

• Ohm’s Law relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.
• Mathematically expressed as:V=IR
  • V is voltage in volts.
  • I is current in amperes.
  • R is resistance in ohms (ΩΩ).

Resistance (R):

• Resistance opposes the flow of current in a circuit.
• Depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area of a conductor.
• Measured in ohms (ΩΩ).

Ohm’s Law Applications:

1. Calculating Voltage:
   • V=IR: Voltage is the product of current and resistance.
2. Calculating Current:
   • I=RV​: Current is the ratio of voltage to resistance.
3. Calculating Resistance:
   • R=IV​: Resistance is the ratio of voltage to current.

Power (P):

• Power in a circuit is the rate at which work is done.
• P=IV: Power is the product of voltage and current.
• Measured in watts (W).

Series and Parallel Circuits Revisited:

• In series circuits, resistances add up.
• In parallel circuits, reciprocal of total resistance equals the sum of reciprocals of individual resistances.

Lab Exercise:

• Use a simple circuit with resistors to apply Ohm’s Law and calculate voltage, current, and resistance.

Conclusion:

• Voltage, current, and resistance are fundamental to understanding electronic circuits.
• Ohm’s Law is a powerful tool for circuit analysis.
• Next lecture: Introduction to capacitors and inductors.

Introduction to Capacitors and Inductors

Objective:

• Explore the fundamental concepts of capacitors and inductors.
• Understand their behavior in electronic circuits.

Capacitors:

• Definition: Capacitors store and release electrical energy in the form of an electric field.
• Symbol:
• Units: Measured in farads (F).

Capacitor Characteristics:

1. Capacitance (C):
   • The ability to store charge.
   • Q=CV, where Q is the charge stored, C is capacitance, and V is voltage.
2. Voltage Across a Capacitor:
   • V=CQ​: Voltage is the ratio of charge to capacitance.
3. Charging and Discharging:
   • When a capacitor charges, it stores energy.
   • When it discharges, it releases stored energy.

Inductors:

• Definition: Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field when current flows through them.
• Symbol:
• Units: Measured in henrys (H).

Inductor Characteristics:

1. Inductance (L):
   • The ability to store energy in a magnetic field.
   • W=21​LI2, where W is the energy stored, L is inductance, and I is current.
2. Voltage Across an Inductor:
   • V=Ldtdi​: Voltage is proportional to the rate of change of current.
3. Energy Storage:
   • Inductors store energy in their magnetic fields when current increases.

Applications:

1. Capacitors:
   • Energy storage in electronic devices.
   • Smoothing voltage in power supplies.
2. Inductors:
   • Filters in electronic circuits.
   • Transformers for voltage transformation.

Lab Exercise:

• Construct simple circuits with capacitors and inductors.
• Observe charging and discharging of capacitors.
• Explore energy storage in inductors.

Conclusion:

• Capacitors store energy in an electric field.
• Inductors store energy in a magnetic field.
• Understanding their characteristics is crucial for circuit design.